Latin letter A a

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
À A with grave accent À À ⇧´ and ⇧A Alt 0192
Á A with acute Á Á ´ and ⇧A Alt 0193
Ä A with diaeresis (umlaut) Ä Ä ⌥U and ⇧A Alt 0196
 A with circumflex   ^ and ⇧A Alt 0194
à A with tilde à à ⌥N and ⇧A Alt 0195⇧A
Å A with ring above Å Å ⇧⌥A Alt 0197
Æ AE ligature Æ Æ ⇧⌥Ä Alt 0198
ä a with diaeresis (umlaut) ä ä ⌥U and A Alt 0228
à a with grave accent à à ⇧´ and A Alt 0224
á a with acute á á ´ and A Alt 0225
â a with circumflex â â ^ and A Alt 0226
ã a with tilde ã ã ⌥N and A Alt 0227
å a with ring above å å ⌥A Alt 0229
æ ae ligature æ æ ⌥Ä Alt 0230

Latin letter C c

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Ç C-cedilla Ç Ç ⇧⌥C Alt 0199
ç c-cedilla ç ç ⌥C Alt 0231

Latin letter D d

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Ð capital Eth / D with stroke Ð Ð Alt 0208
ð small eth / d with stroke ð ð ⌥D Alt 0240

Latin letter E e

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Ë E with diaeresis Ë Ë ⌥U and ⇧E Alt 0203
È E with grave accent È È ⇧´ and ⇧E Alt 0200
É E with acute É É ´ and ⇧E Alt 0201
Ê E with circumflex Ê Ê ^ and ⇧E Alt 0202
ë e with diaeresis ë ë ⌥U and E Alt 0235
è e with grave accent è è ⇧´ and E Alt 0232
é e with acute é é ´ and E Alt 0233
ê e with circumflex ê ê ^ and E Alt 0234

Latin letter I i

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Ï I with diaeresis Ï Ï ⌥U and ⇧I Alt 0207
Ì I with grave accent Ì Ì ⇧´ and ⇧I Alt 0204
Í I with acute Í Í ´ and ⇧I Alt 0205
Î I with circumflex Î Î ^ and ⇧I Alt 0206
ï i with diaeresis ï ï ⌥U and I Alt 0239
ì i with grave accent ì ì ⇧´ and I Alt 0236
í i with acute í í ´ and I Alt 0237
î i with circumflex î î ^ and I Alt 0238

Latin letter N n

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Ñ N with tilde Ñ Ñ ⌥N and ⇧N Alt 0209N
ñ n with tilde ñ ñ ⌥N and N Alt 0241

Latin letter O o

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Ö O with diaeresis (umlaut) Ö Ö ⌥U and ⇧O Alt 0214
Ò O with grave accent Ò Ò ⇧´ and ⇧O Alt 0210
Ó O with acute Ó Ó ´ and ⇧O Alt 0211
Ô O with circumflex Ô Ô ^ and ⇧O Alt 0212
Õ O with tilde Õ Õ ⌥N and ⇧O Alt 0213O
Ø O-slash / O with stroke Ø Ø ⇧⌥O Alt 0216
Œ OE ligature Œ Œ ⇧⌥Ö Alt 0140
ö o with diaeresis (umlaut) ö ö ⌥U and O Alt 0246
ò o with grave accent ò ò ⇧´ and O Alt 0242
ó o with acute ó ó ´ and O Alt 0243
ô o with circumflex ô ô ^ and O Alt 0244
õ o with tilde õ õ ⌥N and O Alt 0245
ø o-slash / o with stroke ø ø ⌥O Alt 0248
œ oe ligature œ œ ⌥Ö Alt 0156

Latin letter S s

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Š S with caron (háček) Š Š Alt 0138
ß sz ligature ("s sharp") ß ß Alt 0223
š s with caron (háček) š š Alt 0154

Latin letter T t

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Þ Thorn Þ Þ Alt 0222
þ thorn þ þ Alt 0254

Latin letter U u

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Ü U with diaeresis (umlaut) Ü Ü ⌥U and ⇧U Alt 0220
Ù U with grave accent Ù Ù ⇧´ and ⇧U Alt 0217
Ú U with acute Ú Ú ´ and ⇧U Alt 0218
Û U with circumflex Û Û ^ and ⇧U Alt 0219
ü u with diaeresis (umlaut) ü ü ⌥U and U Alt 0252
ù u with grave accent ù ù ⇧´ and U Alt 0249
ú u with acute ú ú ´ and U Alt 0250
û u with circumflex û û ^ and U Alt 0251

Latin letter Y y

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Ÿ Y with diaeresis Ÿ Ÿ ⌥U and ⇧Y Alt 0159
Ý Y with acute Ý Ý ´ and Y Alt 0221
ÿ y with diaeresis ÿ ÿ ⌥U and Y Alt 0255
ý y with acute ý ý ´ and Y Alt 0253

Diacritical marks

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
¨ diaeresis ("diaresis") ¨ ¨ ⌥U and space Alt 0168
ˆ circumflex ˆ ˆ ⇧⌥K Alt 0136
˜ tilde ˜ ˜ ⇧⌥8
´ acute accent ´ ´ ´ and space Alt 0180
¯ macron ¯ ¯ ⇧⌥0 Alt 0175
‾ overline / overscore ‾ ‾
¸ cedilla ¸ ¸ ⇧⌥R Alt 0184

Greek alphabet: Capital letters

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
Α Alpha Α Α
Β Beta Β Β
Γ Gamma Γ Γ
Δ Delta Δ Δ ⌥K
Ε Epsilon Ε Ε
Ζ Zeta Ζ Ζ
Η Eta Η Η
Θ Theta Θ Θ
Ι Iota Ι Ι
Κ Kappa Κ Κ
Λ Lambda Λ Λ
Μ Mu ("My") Μ Μ
Ν Nu ("Ny") Ν Ν
Ξ Xi Ξ Ξ
Ο Omicron Ο Ο
Π Pi Π Π ⇧⌥P
Ρ Rho Ρ Ρ
Σ Sigma Σ Σ ⌥W
Τ Tau Τ Τ
Υ / ϒ Upsilon ("Ypsilon") / (variant) Υ / ϒ Υ / ϒ
Φ Phi Φ Φ
Χ Chi Χ Χ
Ψ Psi Ψ Ψ
Ω Omega Ω Ω ⌥Z

Greek alphabet: Small letters

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
α alpha α α
β beta β β
γ gamma γ γ
δ delta δ δ
ε epsilon ε ε
ζ zeta ζ ζ
η eta η η
θ / ϑ theta / (variant) θ / ϑ θ / ϑ
ι iota ι ι
κ kappa κ κ
λ lambda λ λ
μ mu ("my") μ μ
ν nu ("ny") ν ν
ξ xi ξ ξ
ο omicron ο ο
π / ϖ pi / (variant) π / ϖ π / ϖ ⌥P
ρ rho ρ ρ
σ / ς sigma / final sigma (variant) σ / ς σ / ς
τ tau τ τ
υ upsilon ("ypsilon") υ υ
φ phi φ φ
χ chi χ χ
ψ psi ψ ψ
ω omega ω ω

Math: Brackets

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
[ left square bracket (opening) [ ⌥5 Alt 0091
] right square bracket (closing) ] ⌥6 Alt 0093
{ Left curly bracket (opening) { ⌥8 Alt 0123
} right curly bracket (closing) } ⌥9 Alt 0125
⟨ left angle bracket (opening) ⟨ ⟨
⟩ right angle bracket (closing) ⟩ ⟩

Math: Equivalence

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
∼ similar to ∼ ∼
≈ asymptotic to / almost equal to ≈ ≈ ⌥X
≅ congruent ≅ ≅
≡ equivalent / identical to ≡ ≡
≠ not equal to ≠ ≠ ⌥0

Math: Algebra

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
− minus sign − −
± plus-minus sign ± ± ⌥+ Alt 0177
√ radical sign ("square root") √ √ ⌥V
⋅ dot operator / interpunct ⋅ ⋅ ⇧⌥9
× multiplication sign / times sign × × Alt 0215
∗ asterisk operator ∗ ∗
÷ division sign (obelus) ÷ ÷ ⇧⌥. Alt 0241
¼ fraction one quarter ¼ ¼ Alt 0188
½ fraction one half ½ ½ Alt 0189
¾ fraction three quarters ¾ ¾ Alt 1090
∝ proportional to ∝ ∝
∞ infinity sign ∞ ∞ ⌥,
< less than &lt; &#x003C; Alt 0060
≤ less than or equal to &le; &#x2264; ⌥<
> greater than &gt; &#x003E; Alt 0062
≥ greater than or equal to &ge; &#x2265; ⇧⌥<

Math: Analysis / Calculus

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
ƒ mathematical function ƒ(x) &fnof; &#x0192; ⌥F Alt 0131
∫ integral &int; &#x222B; ⌥B
∂ partial differential &part; &#x2202; ⌥D

Math: Geometry

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
∠ angle &ang; &#x2220;
⊥ perpendicular to / orthogonal to &perp; &#x22A5;
° degree sign &deg; &#x00B0; ⇧⌥Ü Alt 0176
′ minutes &prime; &#x2032;
″ seconds &Prime; &#x2033;

Math: Vector analysis

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
⊕ direct sum &oplus; &#x2295;
⊗ tensor product &otimes; &#x2297;
∇ nabla / differential operator &nabla; &#x2207;
⋅ dot operator / scalar product &sdot; &#x22C5; ⇧⌥9
× cross product &times; &#x00D7; Alt 0215

Logic

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
∧ and (logical conjunction) &and; &#x2227;
∨ or (logical disjunction) &or; &#x2228;
¬ not sign (negation) &not; &#x00AC; Alt 0172
⊕ exclusive disjunction ("either … or") &oplus; &#x2295;
∴ therefore &there4; &#x2234;
∈ element of &isin; &#x2208;
∉ not an element of &notin; &#x2209;
∋ contains as member &ni; &#x220B;
∀ for all &forall; &#x2200;
∃ exists &exist; &#x2203;
∅ empty set / diameter &empty; &#x2205;
∩ intersection / cap &cap; &#x2229;
∪ union / cup &cup; &#x222A;
⊃ superset of &sup; &#x2283;
⊇ superset of or equal to &supe; &#x2287;
⊂ subset of &sub; &#x2282;
⊆ subset of or equal to &sube; &#x2286;
⊄ not a subset of &nsub; &#x2284;
→ material conditional (implication) &rarr; &#x2192;
↔ if and only if (biconditional) &harr; &#x2194;
Δ Delta / difference &Delta; &#x0394; ⌥K

Mathematical letters

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
µ micro sign (my) &micro; &#x00B5; ⌥M Alt 0181
ℜ black-letter R (real part of complex numbers) &real; &#x211C;
ℑ black-letter I (imaginary part of complex numbers) &image; &#x2111;
ℵ aleph (cardinality) &alefsym; &#x2135;
℘ script capital P (Weierstrass p) &weierp; &#x2118;
∑ summation operator &sum; &#x2211; ⌥W
∏ product operator &prod; &#x220F; ⇧⌥P

Currency symbols

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
€ euro sign &euro; &#x20AC; ⌥E Alt 0128
¢ cent sign &cent; &#x00A2; ⌥4 Alt 0162
£ pound sign &pound; &#x00A3; ⇧⌥4 Alt 0163
¥ yen sign &yen; &#x00A5; ⌥Y Alt 0165
ƒ florin sign ("guilder") &fnof; &#x0192; ⌥F Alt 0131
¤ general currency sign &curren; &#x00A4; Alt 0164

Quotation marks

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
' single quotation mark (apostrophe) &apos; &#x0027; ⇧# Alt 0039
" double quotation mark &quot; &#x0022; ⇧2 Alt 0034
‚ bottom single quote, "low 9" (German: opening) &sbquo; &#x201A; ⌥S Alt 0130
‘ left single quote, "high 6" (German: closing / English: opening) &lsquo; &#x2018; ⌥#
’ right single quote, "high 9" (English: closing) &rsquo; &#x2019; ⇧⌥# Alt 0146
„ bottom double quotes, "low 99" (German: opening) &bdquo; &#x201E; ⌥^ Alt 0132
“ left double quotes, "high 66" (German: closing / English: opening) &ldquo; &#x201C; ⌥2 Alt 0147
” right double quotes, "high 99" (English: closing) &rdquo; &#x201D; ⇧⌥2 Alt 0148
‹ left single angle quotes (French: opening guillemet) &lsaquo; &#x2039; ⇧⌥B Alt 0139
› right single angle quotes (French: closing guillemet) &rsaquo; &#x203A; ⇧⌥N Alt 0155
« left angle quotes (French: opening guillemet) &laquo; &#x00AB; ⌥Q Alt 0171
» right angle quotes (French: closing guillemet) &raquo; &#x00BB; ⇧⌥Q Alt 0187

Special chars & HTML

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
& ampersand &amp; &#x0026; Alt 0038
@ at sign &#x0040; ⌥L Alt 0064
‰ per mille sign &permil; &#x2030; ⇧⌥E Alt 0137
§ section sign &sect; &#x00A7; Alt 0167
© copyright sign &copy; &#x00A9; ⌥G Alt 0169
® registered trademark sign &reg; &#x00AE; ⌥R Alt 0174
™ unregistered trademark sign &trade; &#x2122; ⇧⌥D Alt 0153
< less than ("opening bracket") &lt; &#x003C; Alt 0060
> greater than ("closing bracket") &gt; &#x003E; Alt 0062
& ampersand &amp; &#x0026; Alt 0038
| pipe sign &#x007C; ⌥7 Alt 0124
¦ broken bar &brvbar; &#x00A6; Alt 0166
\ backslash &#x005C; ⇧⌥7 Alt 0092

Punctuation marks

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
‑ non-breaking hyphen &#x2011; ⇧⌘- (*) ⇧Strg - (*)
- soft hyphen (dis­cre­tion­ar­y hy­phen) &shy; &#x00AD; ⌘- (*) Strg -
– en-dash ("UK-dash – use with spaces before and after") &ndash; &#x2013; ⌥- Alt 0150
— em-dash ("US-dash—use without spaces") &mdash; &#x2014; ⇧⌥- Alt 0151
… ellipsis &hellip; &#x2026; ⌥.
¡ inverted exclamation mark &iexcl; &#x00A1; ⌥1 Alt 0161
¿ inverted question mark &iquest; &#x00BF; ⌥? Alt 0191
pilcrow / paragraph mark &para; &#x00B6; ⌥3 Alt 0182
· middle dot &middot; &#x00B7; ⇧⌥9 Alt 0183
• bullet point &bull; &#x2022; ⌥Ü Alt 0149
‎ left-to-right mark &lrm; &#x200E;
‏ right-to-left mark &rlm; &#x200F;
* software-specific, not available everywhere

Space characters

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
▕‍▏ zero width joiner ("invisible non-breaking space") &zwj; &#x200D;
▕‌▏ zero width non-joiner ("invisible space") &zwnj; &#x200C;
▕ ▏ thin space (half-width space) &thinsp; &#x2009;
▕ ▏ En space / En quad &ensp; &#x2002;
▕ ▏ double or Em space / Em quad &emsp; &#x2003;
▕ ▏ non-breaking space &nbsp; &#x00A0; ⌥space ⇧Alt 0160

Superscript

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
′ prime / minutes / feet &prime; &#x2032;
″ double prime / seconds / inches &Prime; &#x2033;
° degree &deg; &#x00B0; ⇧⌥Ü Alt 0176
¹ superscript 1 &sup1; &#x00B9; Alt 9185
² superscript 2 / squared &sup2; &#x00B2; Alt 0178
³ superscript 3 / cubed &sup3; &#x00B3; Alt 0179
ª feminine ordinal indicator &ordf; &#x00AA; ⌥H Alt 0170
º masculine ordinal indicator &ordm; &#x00BA; ⌥J Alt 0186

Arrows

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
← leftwards arrow &larr; &#x2190;
↑ upwards arrow &uarr; &#x2191;
→ rightwards arrow &rarr; &#x2192;
↓ downwards arrow &darr; &#x2193;
↔ left right arrow &harr; &#x2194;
↵ downwards arrow with left corner / carriage return &crarr; &#x21B5;
⇐ leftwards double arrow &lArr; &#x21D0;
⇑ upwards double arrow &uArr; &#x21D1;
⇒ rightwards double arrow &rArr; &#x21D2;
⇓ downwards double arrow &dArr; &#x21D3;
⇔ left right double arrow &hArr; &#x21D4;

Symbols, Dingbats

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
♠ spade suit &spades; &#x2660;
♣ club suit &clubs; &#x2663;
♥ heart suit &hearts; &#x2665;
♦ diamond suit &diams; &#x2666;
† dagger &dagger; &#x2020; ⌥T Alt 0134
‡ double dagger &Dagger; &#x2021; ⇧⌥Y Alt 0135
◊ lozenge &loz; &#x25CA; ⇧⌥V
⌈ left ceiling &lceil; &#x2308;
⌉ right ceiling &rceil; &#x2309;
⌊ left floor &lfloor; &#x230A;
⌋ right floor &rfloor; &#x230B;