| Character | Description | HTML entity | Unicode | Mac shortcut | Windows shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ | left square bracket (opening) | [ | ⌥5 | Alt 0091 | |
| ] | right square bracket (closing) | ] | ⌥6 | Alt 0093 | |
| { | Left curly bracket (opening) | { | ⌥8 | Alt 0123 | |
| } | right curly bracket (closing) | } | ⌥9 | Alt 0125 | |
| ⟨ | left angle bracket (opening) | ⟨ | ⟨ | ||
| ⟩ | right angle bracket (closing) | ⟩ | ⟩ |
| Character | Description | HTML entity | Unicode | Mac shortcut | Windows shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∼ | similar to | ∼ | ∼ | ||
| ≈ | asymptotic to / almost equal to | ≈ | ≈ | ⌥X | |
| ≅ | congruent | ≅ | ≅ | ||
| ≡ | equivalent / identical to | ≡ | ≡ | ||
| ≠ | not equal to | ≠ | ≠ | ⌥0 |
| Character | Description | HTML entity | Unicode | Mac shortcut | Windows shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| − | minus sign | − | − | ||
| ± | plus-minus sign | ± | ± | ⌥+ | Alt 0177 |
| √ | radical sign ("square root") | √ | √ | ⌥V | |
| ⋅ | dot operator / interpunct | ⋅ | ⋅ | ⇧⌥9 | |
| × | multiplication sign / times sign | × | × | Alt 0215 | |
| ∗ | asterisk operator | ∗ | ∗ | ||
| ÷ | division sign (obelus) | ÷ | ÷ | ⇧⌥. | Alt 0241 |
| ¼ | fraction one quarter | ¼ | ¼ | Alt 0188 | |
| ½ | fraction one half | ½ | ½ | Alt 0189 | |
| ¾ | fraction three quarters | ¾ | ¾ | Alt 1090 | |
| ∝ | proportional to | ∝ | ∝ | ||
| ∞ | infinity sign | ∞ | ∞ | ⌥, | |
| < | less than | < | < | Alt 0060 | |
| ≤ | less than or equal to | ≤ | ≤ | ⌥< | |
| > | greater than | > | > | Alt 0062 | |
| ≥ | greater than or equal to | ≥ | ≥ | ⇧⌥< |
| Character | Description | HTML entity | Unicode | Mac shortcut | Windows shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ƒ | mathematical function ƒ(x) | ƒ | ƒ | ⌥F | Alt 0131 |
| ∫ | integral | ∫ | ∫ | ⌥B | |
| ∂ | partial differential | ∂ | ∂ | ⌥D |
| Character | Description | HTML entity | Unicode | Mac shortcut | Windows shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∠ | angle | ∠ | ∠ | ||
| ⊥ | perpendicular to / orthogonal to | ⊥ | ⊥ | ||
| ° | degree sign | ° | ° | ⇧⌥Ü | Alt 0176 |
| ′ | minutes | ′ | ′ | ||
| ″ | seconds | ″ | ″ |
| Character | Description | HTML entity | Unicode | Mac shortcut | Windows shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⊕ | direct sum | ⊕ | ⊕ | ||
| ⊗ | tensor product | ⊗ | ⊗ | ||
| ∇ | nabla / differential operator | ∇ | ∇ | ||
| ⋅ | dot operator / scalar product | ⋅ | ⋅ | ⇧⌥9 | |
| × | cross product | × | × | Alt 0215 |
| Character | Description | HTML entity | Unicode | Mac shortcut | Windows shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∧ | and (logical conjunction) | ∧ | ∧ | ||
| ∨ | or (logical disjunction) | ∨ | ∨ | ||
| ¬ | not sign (negation) | ¬ | ¬ | Alt 0172 | |
| ⊕ | exclusive disjunction ("either … or") | ⊕ | ⊕ | ||
| ∴ | therefore | ∴ | ∴ | ||
| ∈ | element of | ∈ | ∈ | ||
| ∉ | not an element of | ∉ | ∉ | ||
| ∋ | contains as member | ∋ | ∋ | ||
| ∀ | for all | ∀ | ∀ | ||
| ∃ | exists | ∃ | ∃ | ||
| ∅ | empty set / diameter | ∅ | ∅ | ||
| ∩ | intersection / cap | ∩ | ∩ | ||
| ∪ | union / cup | ∪ | ∪ | ||
| ⊃ | superset of | ⊃ | ⊃ | ||
| ⊇ | superset of or equal to | ⊇ | ⊇ | ||
| ⊂ | subset of | ⊂ | ⊂ | ||
| ⊆ | subset of or equal to | ⊆ | ⊆ | ||
| ⊄ | not a subset of | ⊄ | ⊄ | ||
| → | material conditional (implication) | → | → | ||
| ↔ | if and only if (biconditional) | ↔ | ↔ | ||
| Δ | Delta / difference | Δ | Δ | ⌥K |
| Character | Description | HTML entity | Unicode | Mac shortcut | Windows shortcut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| µ | micro sign (my) | µ | µ | ⌥M | Alt 0181 |
| ℜ | black-letter R (real part of complex numbers) | ℜ | ℜ | ||
| ℑ | black-letter I (imaginary part of complex numbers) | ℑ | ℑ | ||
| ℵ | aleph (cardinality) | ℵ | ℵ | ||
| ℘ | script capital P (Weierstrass p) | ℘ | ℘ | ||
| ∑ | summation operator | ∑ | ∑ | ⌥W | |
| ∏ | product operator | ∏ | ∏ | ⇧⌥P |